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EMVA1288 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

圖像傳感器與相機(jī)性能測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(Standard for Characterization of Image Sensors and Cameras)

R3.1 版2016 年 12 月 30 日

歐洲機(jī)器視覺(jué)協(xié)會(huì)（EMVA）發(fā)布

中國(guó)機(jī)器視覺(jué)聯(lián)盟（CMVU）譯2017 年 8 月 25 日

譯者序

相機(jī)與圖像傳感器有很多傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)試方法或一些專(zhuān)門(mén)為某種性能測(cè)試而制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有些已經(jīng)跟不上數(shù)字成像的發(fā)展步伐，而且其中的一部分也不適合機(jī)器視覺(jué)（MV） 行業(yè)使用。另外，由于沒(méi)有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，各大圖像傳感器與相機(jī)生產(chǎn)商就都采用各自的性能測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)性能參數(shù)的定義、所使用的單位、測(cè)試方法與測(cè)試條件往往各不相同，專(zhuān)業(yè)的 MV 工程師甚至相機(jī)研發(fā)人員都很難根據(jù)這些數(shù)據(jù)表來(lái)對(duì)不同廠商的相機(jī)性能進(jìn)行客觀的比較，而用戶(hù)則更難根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)表來(lái)確定哪一款相機(jī)的性能更適合自己使用。

為了解決此問(wèn)題，歐洲機(jī)器視覺(jué)協(xié)會(huì)（EMVA）于 2004 年 2 月成立了由 Awaiba 與 Basler 牽頭，主要的圖像傳感器與相機(jī)生產(chǎn)商均參與其中的 EMVA1288 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作組，目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的適合 MV 行業(yè)的相機(jī)與圖像傳感器性能測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而“讓機(jī)器視覺(jué)工程師活得更輕松一點(diǎn)”（Make the MV Engineers lives easier）。經(jīng)過(guò)一年半的研究準(zhǔn)備，EMVA 于 2005 年 8 月正式發(fā)布了 EMVA1288 A1.0 版，相機(jī)性能測(cè)試終于有了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

十多年來(lái)，EMVA1288 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷地發(fā)展完善，目前已經(jīng)更新到了 R3.1 版（2016 年 12 月發(fā)布）。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被國(guó)外所有主流的相機(jī)與圖像傳感器生產(chǎn)商所承認(rèn)，也正被大量的行業(yè)用戶(hù)所接受和使用，在國(guó)內(nèi)也正被越來(lái)越多的相機(jī)生產(chǎn)商及行業(yè)用戶(hù)所認(rèn)可與使用。

今天，EMVA1288 R3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中文版終于在國(guó)內(nèi)正式面世了。專(zhuān)家介紹，的EMVA1288 R3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更規(guī)范、更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、更科學(xué)。

CMVU 決定把這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯成中文版用了近兩年的時(shí)間，在這期間，行業(yè)專(zhuān)家給予了有力指導(dǎo)，行業(yè)同仁們給予了大力支持配合。通過(guò)大家的共同努力，終于如期完成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的翻譯工作。同時(shí)，我們要看到國(guó)外的相機(jī)測(cè)試做得非常專(zhuān)業(yè)，一份按照 EMVA1288 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做的相機(jī)性能測(cè)試報(bào)告通常都有十幾甚至幾十頁(yè)，各類(lèi)數(shù)據(jù)圖表非常詳實(shí)規(guī)范。真誠(chéng)希望中國(guó)的相機(jī)制造商能夠按照并珍惜這份規(guī)范的專(zhuān)業(yè)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，能夠把我們國(guó)產(chǎn)的相機(jī)水平整體提高到一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階，CMVU 會(huì)進(jìn)一步努力把該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)向相關(guān)政府部門(mén)申報(bào)設(shè)立為“國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。

在此，也特別提醒大家，相關(guān)專(zhuān)家在翻譯與審校過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)別地方英文原版有些小的錯(cuò)誤，專(zhuān)家在譯文中進(jìn)行了更正并以腳注方式進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明，供讀者參考。整個(gè)譯文可能還會(huì)出現(xiàn)小的錯(cuò)漏之處，歡迎大家批評(píng)指正。

鳴謝翻譯及審校人員

翻譯：        徐英瑩 副研究員（中國(guó)計(jì)量科學(xué)研究院），將 EMVA1288 R3.0 版翻譯成中文；審校 1： 郝志航 教授（長(zhǎng)春光學(xué)精密機(jī)械與物理研究所）；

審校 2： 莊阿偉 總工程師（福州鑫圖光電有限公司 ）；

謝        森 相機(jī)業(yè)務(wù) SE 總工程師（凌云光技術(shù)集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司 ）；于         渝 總工程師（重慶港宇高科技開(kāi)發(fā)有限公司 ）；

審校 3： 馮  兵 博士（西安遠(yuǎn)望圖像技術(shù)有限公司 ），2009 年開(kāi)發(fā)出套完整的 EMVA1288 測(cè)試平臺(tái)，并成功應(yīng)用于航天成像器件的篩選中。對(duì) EMVA1288 R3.0 中文版進(jìn)行第 3 次審校并升級(jí)到的 R3.1 版。

錯(cuò)漏之處請(qǐng)回復(fù)至：

目 錄

1                      概述與范圍        6

2                      靈敏度、線性度、噪聲        7

2.1                    線性信號(hào)模型        7

2.2                    噪聲模型        9

2.3                    信噪比        9

2.4                    信號(hào)飽和與靈敏度閾值        10

3                       暗電流        12

3.1                     平均值和方差        12

3.2                     溫度依賴(lài)性        12

4                       空間非均勻性和缺陷像元        12

4.1                     空域方差，DSNU，PRNU        13

4.2                     非均勻性的類(lèi)型        13

4.3                     缺陷像元        14

4.3.1                  對(duì)數(shù)直方圖        14

4.3.2                  累積直方圖        15

4.4                     高通濾波        15

5                        測(cè)量設(shè)備和方法概述        16

6                        靈敏度、線性度和噪聲的測(cè)量方法        17

6.1                      光源的幾何一致性        17

6.2                      光源的光譜特性        18

6.3                      輻射量變化        18

6.4                      輻射量的標(biāo)定        19

6.5                      線性度和靈敏度的測(cè)量條件        19

6.6                      基于光子轉(zhuǎn)移方法的測(cè)量評(píng)估        20

6.7                      線性度的評(píng)估        24

7                        暗電流的測(cè)量方法        26

7.1                      一定溫度下暗電流的評(píng)估        26

7.2                      不同溫度下暗電流的評(píng)估        27

8                      空間非均勻性和缺陷像素的檢測(cè)方法        27

8.1                      空域噪聲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、DSNU、PRNU 及總信噪比        28

8.2                      水平和垂直頻譜        29

8.3                      水平與垂直斷面圖        31

8.4                      缺陷像元特征評(píng)估        33

9                      光譜靈敏度的測(cè)試方法        36

9.1                      光譜光源設(shè)置        36

9.2                      測(cè)試條件        36

9.3        校準(zhǔn)        37

9.4        評(píng)價(jià)        37

10                      測(cè)試結(jié)果發(fā)布        39

10.1                      基本信息        39

10.2                      EMVA 1288  數(shù)據(jù)手冊(cè)        39

附錄 A  文獻(xiàn)        41

附錄 B  符號(hào)說(shuō)明        42

附錄 C  相對(duì)于 A2.01 版的修改說(shuō)明        43

C.1                      擴(kuò)展的特性        43

C.2                      擴(kuò)展了改變光照的方法        43

C.3                      測(cè)試條件與流程的修改        43

C.4                      對(duì)于最小時(shí)域噪聲測(cè)量，引入了量化噪聲        44

C.5                      高通濾波的非均勻性測(cè)量        44

附錄 D  相對(duì)于 R3.0 版的修改說(shuō)明        44

D.1                      變化        44

D.2                      增加的功能        45

附錄 E  貢獻(xiàn)者名單        45

Acknowledgements（致謝，譯文略）

EMVA 1288 is an initiative driven by the industry and living from the personal initiative of the supporting companies and institutions delegates as well as from the support of these organizations. Thanks to this generosity the presented document can be provided free of charge to the users of this standard. EMVA thanks those contributors (see Appendix E) in the name of the whole vision community.

Rights, Trademarks, and Licenses（版權(quán)、商標(biāo)及許可證，譯文略）

The European Machine Vision Association owns the ”EMVA, standard 1288 compliant” logo. Any company can obtain a license to use the ”EMVA standard 1288 compliant” logo, free of charge, with product specifications measured and presented according to the definitions in EMVA standard 1288. The licensee guarantees that he meets the terms of use in the relevant release of EMVA standard 1288. Licensed users will self-certify compliance of their measurement setup, computation and representation with which the “EMVA standard 1288 compliant” logo is used. The licensee has to check regularly compliance with the relevant release of EMVA standard 1288.

If you publish EMVA standard 1288 compliant data or provide them to your customer or any third party you have to provide the full data sheet. An EMVA 1288 compliant data sheet must contain all mandatory measurements and graphs (Table 1). If you publish datasheets of sensors or cameras and include the EMVA 1288 logo on them, it is mandatory that you provide the EMVA 1288 summary data sheet (see Section 10.2). EMVA will not be liable for specifications not compliant with the standard and damage resulting there from. EMVA keeps the right to withdraw the granted license any time and without giving reasons.

About this Standard（關(guān)于本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，譯文略）

EMVA has started the initiative to define a unified method to measure, compute and present specification parameters and characterization data for cameras and image sensors used for machine vision applications. The standard does not define what nature of data should be disclosed. It is up to the component manufacturer to decide if he wishes to publish typical data, data of an individual component, guaranteed data, or even guaranteed performance over life time of the component. However the component manufacturer shall clearly indicate what the nature of the presented data is.

The standard is organized in different sections, each addressing a group of specification parameters, assuming a certain physical behavior of the sensor or camera under certain boundary conditions. Additional sections covering more parameters and a wider range of sensor and camera products will be added successively. There are compulsory sections, of which all measurements must be made and of which all required data and graphics must be included in a datasheet using the EMVA1288 logo. Further there are optional sections which may be skipped for a component where the respective data is not relevant or the mathematical model is not applicable. Each datasheet shall clearly indicate which sections of the EMVA1288 standard are enclosed.

It may be necessary for the manufacturer to indicate additional, component specific information, not defined in the standard, to fully describe the performance of image sensor or camera products, or to describe physical behavior not covered by the mathematical models of the standard. It is possible in accordance with the EMVA1288 standard to include such data in the same datasheet. However the data obtained by procedures not described in the current release of the EMVA1288 standard must be clearly designated and grouped in a separate section. It is not permitted to use parameter designations defined in any of the EMVA1288 modules for such additional information not acquired or presented according the EMVA1288 procedures.

The standard is intended to provide a concise definition and clear description of the measurement process and to benefit the Automated Vision Industry by providing fast, comprehensive and consistent access to specification information for cameras and sensors. It will be particularly beneficial for those who wish to compare cameras or who wish to calculate system performance based on the performance specifications of an image sensor or a camera.